The Abolition Of A Person Through The Court System Essay

As America abolish slavery after the civil war, and thousands of African Americans were free to live lives without the fear of slavery or undue punishment not all things turned out the way one could have hoped for. Followed revisions of the 13-15th Amendments to the Constitution, provided the use of exclusion through the criminalization of a person through the court system. However such rights as described in the 13th amendment provides a claw allowing for racial divisions to persist in the country. Such loop holes in the Constitution reduced freedoms by convictions through the legal system. As described in the George Ritzers piece describing McDonaldization of mass plea bargains contributing to the increase removal of a person’s rights and exclusion from aid otherwise qualify for. Such loss of freedoms through court sanctioned violations in America caused a national reflection of American policies targeting black and brown people up to 70% more than whites. Reflecting on th e destruction of this clause in the 13th Amendment we’ll evaluate why it was put in and what this loop hole allowed the country to maintain. Through the work Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow in 2010 continue evaluates the relationship of vilifying or the creation of other-ing in order to maintain justification for targeting black and brown bodies, as Denis Childs describes it as, â€Å"Natural born Criminals.† A level of state terror described by Childs through the US of mass incarnation in order toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Death Penalty - Herrera vs Collins1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe Supreme Court addressed the constitutionality of executing someone who claimed actual innocence in Herrera v. Collins (506 U.S. 390 (1993)). Although the Court left open the possibility that the Constitution bars the execution of someone who conclusively demonstrates that he or she is actually innocent, the Court noted that such cases would be very rare. The Court held that, in the absence of other constitutional violations, new evidence of innocence is no reason for federal courts to order aRead MoreThe Death Penalty : An Impo rtant Development For The Human Right868 Words   |  4 Pageshas the right to life, liberty and security of person.† It is a statement of a general moral principle incorporated into a political document binding on those who belong to the United Nation (UN). On the flip side, the death penalty as practiced by most of the countries had its record since the 8th century (in Roman law). The reformation movement against capital punishment took place during the last half of the century. The debates on the abolition of death penalty sill exist today within the legalRead MoreThe Path to Aboliton 1312 Words   |  5 Pages Abolitionists from the 1820-1860 found it necessary to use certain strategies to appeal to the social and political minds of Americans striving to influence the participation of the abolition movement. One of the many strategies used by American abolitionists was the use of slave narratives. This moral persuasion was a very useful tactic. The creation of these narratives helped white northerners identify with the mindset of an African American slave in the south. The narratives illustrated the experiencesRead MoreFrederick Douglass : A Learning Nation1631 Words   |  7 PagesFrederick Douglass: A Learning Nation By definition the word abolition means,† The act of abolishing... the state of being abolished... the legal prohibition and ending of slavery, especially of slavery of blacks in the U.S.(Definition).† When Frederick Douglass wrote his personal narrative it had a profound effect on the abolitionist cause. People were astounded at how it opened their eyes to the horror of what slavery genuinely was. The book allowed people to recognize how slaves felt, andRead MoreEffects of Slavery on America1594 Words   |  7 Pagesholding of any person as a slave unlawful[10]. 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Another view came from a former slave Frederick Douglas who was a leading abolitionist. For this paper, I will be comparing a document from FrederickRead MoreAbolition of The Death Penalty Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesAs Americans we live in a modern republic under a government constructed to secure the rights of the people. Today’s government and judicial systems were forged by our founding fathers as they fought to est ablish a government free from tyranny and brutality and thereby forming a constitution based on civil liberties. Our country has grown and matured through the centuries and in effect has made changes and alterations as innovations and advancements have deemed necessary. One area where we seem toRead MoreCapital Punishment, Or Penalty Of Death1329 Words   |  6 Pagessevere sentence handed down by courts to convicted criminals for crimes which they have committed; yet, there is no conclusive evidence that capital punishment stops crime. It should be considered cruel and inhumane to end a life this way. Innocent people have been put to death by our judicial system, and even the mentally ill have been sentenced to death. It doesn’t make sense to take a life because they took a life. It sounds a lot like revenge. The person who takes the criminal’s lifeRead MoreRoe V. Wade: The Issue of Abortion1259 Words   |  6 Pagesabortion debate started in the middle of the 1800’s. However, the issue came to a head in 1973 with the Supreme Court ruling of Roe v. Wade which legalized abortion and the fight has been ongoing ever since. This paper aims to show how the Roe V Wade court case came about and the resulting arguments for and against abortion that ensued. Norma McCorvey was a young impressionable person who did not have the best of circumstances with regards to her upbringing as well as her early adult life. She hadRead MoreJuvenile Prison Is the Best Way of Reforming Essay1342 Words   |  6 PagesThe Juvenile System has been around for a long time. The primary reason behind separating Juvenile from adult criminals is quite simple; the judicial system believes that the children are less culpable for their irresponsive behavior and they could easily be reformed as compared to adult offenders. The crucial role of the judicial system is to critically investigate, diagnose, and recommend treatments for the Juveniles rather than accrediting them. However, because of the increasing number of juvenile

The Development Of Mathematical Psychology - 1560 Words

Psychology established into a mathematical discipline through a series of events during history. This establishment led to the development of mathematical psychology; a field encompassing empirical methodology (Benjafield, 2015). Furthermore, through the implementation of math in psychology, findings from previous and current studies of psychology influenced the plethora of knowledge available today—directly impacting society’s understanding and application of psychological phenomena. This is articulated through mathematical ideas originating from the ancient Greeks, which inspired further research in the field – abundantly, throughout the past three centuries (18th to 21st) (Benjafield, 2015). Specifically, ideas from Euclid in ancient Greece inspired Gustav Fechner to develop mathematical concepts in his formation of psychophysics (Zudini, 2011). In the 18th century, arguments regarding the implementation of math in science were becoming a common query. The fie ld of psychometrics began during this period and early psychologists like Ernst Weber began developing relationships between mathematical concepts (Benjafield, 2015). During the 19th century, Gustav Fechner developed his field of psychophysics and inspired several future psychologists to continue his work and develop their own ideas of mathematical psychology (Benjafield, 2015; Robinson, 2010). Developments in this field instigated the notion of using experimental psychology during World War I, and the 1950s-1970sShow MoreRelatedA Beautiful Mind, A Film Based On A True Story Of A Famous970 Words   |  4 PagesA beautiful mind, a film based on a true story of a famous mathematician by the name of John Nash. John goes on to win the Noble-Prize for some of his published mathematical work which he conducted at Princeton University. Unfortunately, John suffered from a psychological disorder which interfered with his personal life, work, and generally every aspect of his life. The psych ological disorder which John suffers from is schizophrenia. Although the etiology of schizophrenia is still unknown, it hasRead MorePiaget and Vygotsky1272 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Cognitive development is interpreted as the gradual orderly development of thinking, understanding and reasoning processes from birth to maturity. The aim of primary school is to build the knowledge and the skills children need to have for further cognitive development. Therefore, the constant development of coginition is very important to young children, because it gives them the basic understanding towards themselves and the world. As a result, in order to assist and support children’sRead MoreCritical Assessment Of Teaching Elementary Students1084 Words   |  5 Pagesword problems in particular is the use of CGI. As a gate way attempt to increase student achievement, Cognitively Guided Instruction seems to have the spotlight in today’s elementary math classroom. Cognitively Guided Instruction is a professional development program which increases a teachers’ knowledge of the understanding students possess regarding the process of learning mathematics and how this understanding is related to formal concepts and computations. However, this concept is not brand new.Read MoreEssay on The Role of Methodology in Developmental Research1467 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopmental psychology may be defined as a branch psychology devoted to understanding all changes that human beings, experience throughout the lifespan (Berk. E. L 2003). Developmental psychology focuses hugely on development in childhood, as major changes occur in childhood, it is the scientific study of ‘how we grow and develop’, (Davenport 1994). Developmental psychology aims to understand the important aspects of cognition, socialisation, emotional development, and personalityRead MoreThe Brain Disorder of Dyscalculia690 Words   |  3 Pagesnote The Brain Disorder of Dyscalculia Dyscalculia is an intellectual disability and brain disorder that affects the left hemisphere of the brain, which controls many aspects of personality and cognitive ability, primarily the ability to complete mathematical tasks. It is somewhat of an obscure condition of which the general population is not aware. The unfamiliarity with the condition was a factor in the selection of dyscalculia as a subject for academic scrutiny. There are many people in the worldRead MoreThe Contemporary Approaches Of Management904 Words   |  4 PagesThe contemporary approaches to management began development in the mid-1900s with roots in the classical approaches to management. These methods are sociotechnical systems theory, quantitative management, organizational behavior, and systems theory (Bateman Snell, 2013, pp. 24-39). Each approach to management varies to some degree, with a focus on sociology and psychology, or math and science. Each one is affected by or has an effect on the environment around them. Over the century, improvementsRead MoreFlow And Postive Psychology : An Overview Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pages Flow and Postive Psychology Scott Lyons Paul Wong, PhD Saybrook University A flow state, also known as an optimal experience, is characterized by a merging of attention and effortlessness awareness with an activity or performance. Being in a flow state in a fully immersed experience in which the individual is pouring all of one’s self into an activity without the feeling of mental effort (Sinnamon, Moran, O Connell, 2012). Being in a flow state is correlated with: a senseRead MoreThe Development Of Mathematics Changes And Grows Continually992 Words   |  4 PagesAssessment 1A Maths The development of mathematics changes and grows continually. Teachers are finding new ways and strategies to keep up with learning and having a broader view on the ways chidren learn and develop. Their are many views of which theories are best suited in teaching mathematics, different age groups are better suited to different theories.Constructivism is a theory which has become a challenge in teaching mathematics with learning how to develop models of teaching that build on,Read MoreHoward Gardner s Theory Of Multiple Intelligences1466 Words   |  6 Pagesbecome a lawyer† (Gardner, 2011b, p. 1). While at college, however, Gardner found himself mesmerized by the human mind and therefore switched his course of study to a mixture of sociology, anthropology, and psychology, known as social relations. This was where Gardner was first introduced to psychology while studying under Erik Erikson, who was earlier a student under the widely known Sigmund Freud. After graduating with hi s Bachelor of Arts at Harvard in 1965, Gardner remained in Cambridge, MassachusettsRead MoreHoward Gardner and Project Zero1231 Words   |  5 Pagesintelligence included the following criteria from several sources: psychology, observations of unusual human beings, anthropology, cultural studies, and biological sciences; each having their own definition. Using these criteria, Gardner created a list of seven intelligence categories: linguistic, logical-mathematical – most valued in schools but all intelligences need to be used otherwise non linguistic/non logical-mathematical learners will usually be left behind; musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic

Strategy Non Market Environments Free Essays

Strategic Management in Non-market Environments 05/11 – 06/11. Cheetah / Hyena video ? Analogues to business world o Make kill, but can you hold when scavengers come o Eat fast if you’re a cheetah ? Value Creation o Economic Activity ? Value Capture o Power, Leverage Companies you create (value you create) must be cognizant of game to come (value capture) Boeing ? Site distribution throughout US, most Congressional districts o Helps when applying / bidding for contracts o Decision making process in Congress ? If only worried about â€Å"capturing an antelope† (market environment), wouldn’t design locations for supply chain this way ? Recognizing hyenas (non-market environment effects) o How to ensure capture value o Spread out across country (multiple congressional districts) o Helps with getting funding (congressionally directed contracts) ? GM locations are more concentrated o Operationally makes more sense, politics weren’t controlling decision making o However, when GM needs something from Government, may be in worse position than Boeing Wal-Mart ? Not in bigger cities o Local players (protected), politics can block entry o How negotiate, work around? Market vs. Nonmarket Environment ? Market transactions are typically consensual and bilateral o Voluntary, fundamental 1:1 (bilateral negotiations between parties) ? Nonmarket transactions are rarely consensual and are almost always multilateral ? Market environment focuses on economics ? Nonmarket environment combines political science, psychology and ethics. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategy Non Market Environments or any similar topic only for you Order Now Integrated, Managerial Strategy ? Goal as a Manager is to integrate Market and Non-market strategy Four I’s (way to analyze situation) ? Issues ? Interests ? Institutions ? Information Diebold Case ? Risks (reputational, new technology) o Can we create Ballot Security service arm, to help solve problem and also create profitability for firm? ? Quality issues ? Communication / marketing plan ? Reach out to political parties, special interest groups ? Diebold should have known Bev Harris, taken her call ? Diebold files suit under DMCA (may not have been best idea in non-market environment) o Protecting access to information becomes worldwide cause ? Politics is unstable o Have to be farsighted o Can not be myopic, take short term view ? Pays to set the genda (want to be the one who makes theproposal) o Proposal helps define the winners and losers o Want to be the agenda setter Observations on Nonmarket Strategy Analysis ? Issues generate nonmarket competition ? Market rivals can be nonmarket allies; coalitions can be effective ? Your choice of objectives determines who is aligned with and against you ? Alignments of interests are often issue-specific ? Business can represent those who would otherwise be unrepresented ? Institutional features matter; e. g. , Federal versus State jurisdiction ? When attempting to stop an issue, proposing better alternatives is often effective o Bring other interests into play ? If there is a problem for you at the company level (e. g. , appearance of corruption), then form coalitions and work on behalf of coalition o JJ – partner with other pharmaceutical, healthcare orgs, activist groups (help assure people are not acting in corrupt fashion, but for greater public good) o Can expand to not just specific industry, but all businesses in area (e. g. , chamber of commerce), etc. ? When thinking about coalitions ask: who benefits from my success on this issue? Goal of Course ? Don’t accept that rules are fixed (â€Å"rules are not fixed†) o But think about is there a way that we can change the rules to benefit the company o Don’t miss opportunity to change b/c have not considered ? Politics is about public good, but also fundamentally about â€Å"redistribution† o How can set strategy to affect positively for our organization ? Complication of Politics o People are motivated to go to voting booth on moral concerns along with economic o Sometimes issues that can be large motivators may not have as large an impact as other concerns Luxury Tax Case ? 1990; Tax was introduced on luxury items o Huge political fight, tiny revenue generator (not important in context of trying to balance the federal budget) ? Why was the tax introduced if will not have large impact? ? May have just been for the perception; create impression that care about fairness in way that doesn’t create large new taxes for parties ? Core constituents feel that they â€Å"care about values they run on† ? May have been to help â€Å"reelection problem† ? Opposed to tax: consumers of luxury goods, manufacturers of luxury items, retailers of foreign luxury items ? Supporters of Luxury Tax: foreign manufacturers of boats, people who don’t buy luxury items, domestic manufacturers of luxury cars, manufacturers of substitutes for luxury items, some NGOs (anti-fur, anti-diamong) o Not an accident that bill does not apply to GM (b/c GM was on committee working on bill) ? When make predictions in the political arena, are going to ask: o Who are important interest groups, who will have power on the issue ? Large number of voters ? Wealth / contributions / participation of group ? Do you have connections with key members of Congress? ? Distribution of voters ? Ability to get media attention (celebrities, experts) ? Is the group organized? o Who has power, who has incentives? ? Can go a long way to making predictions once have the details of the situation ? What determines the incentives for action? o Magnitude of benefits will receive ? As a group ? As individuals (per capita) ? Substitutes and Opportunity cost ? How does this compare to other issues ? Expected Return on Effort ? (how much work will take / what is expected impact) ? Potential reputational costs ? Luxury Tax Coalition ? Yachts – Not as many manufacturers, not as well distributed (concentrated in states like Rhode Island, smaller state) ? Foreign manufacturers are not voters – poor position when entering country ? Cross of manufacturers (Horizontal across Rent Chains) – Airplanes, Boats o Distributed Politics Spreadsheet, Cemex case ? ? ? See spreadsheet for Distributed Politics notes Modified Lowi Matrix Cemex case notes on handouts How to cite Strategy Non Market Environments, Essay examples

ALLIES AND ENEMIES Essay Example For Students

ALLIES AND ENEMIES Essay Seneca are among the most respected and feared. The Seneca are culturally similar to their Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, an Mohawk confederates. The five tribes were known as the Five Nations or the League of Five Nations. Sometime between 1715 and 1722 the Tuscaroras from North Carolina joined the confederacy and changed the name to the Six Nations. In their relations with white settlers the Seneca played the role of an independent power and were this way from the very start. During the colonial period they held the balance of power between the French and English. Particulary around the Canadian border. The Seneca opposed the extension of French settlement southwards from Canada, and were responsible for prevention the English colonies from being forced on the west by the French. During the American Revolution the Seneca sided with the British. SOCIETYEach town in the tribe contained several long, bark covered communal houses that had both tribal and political significance. Inside each house several families lived in semi-private rooms or areas and the center areas were used as social and political meeting places. They lived in scattered villages that were organized by a system of matrilineal clans. A calendar cycle of ceremonies reflected their agricultural, hunting, and gathering. The men hunted, cleared fields, traded and made war. The woman gathered various wild plant foods and tended gardens. They had a great agricultural economy. Their man crop was corn, but they also grew pumpkins, beans, tobacco, maize, squash and later on they grew orchard fruits like apples and peaches. Crafts were also made. Fine pottery, splint baskets, mats of corn husk and used wampum as a medium of exchange. FAMOUS TRIBE MEMBERSThere were many famous Indians from the Seneca tribe. Ely S. Parker- His Indian name was Donehogawa. He was a Seneca Indian of the Wolf clan. Parker served under President Ulysses S. Grand on the Board of Indian Commissioners. For a while he lived in the Canadian woods under traditional Iroquoian style. Parker served as military secretary to General Grant. Parker came under attack in an investigation in the Bureau of Indian Affairs about corruption. Government records say he was thrown out he had really resigned his position. Parker was also the author of a book called The Character of Grant. Red Jacket- Red Jacket was a Seneca chief know for his strong personality, and political shrewdness. Sagoyewatha was his Indian name. He had the ability to stay uncommitted even in crises like John Sullivans raids on Iroquois settlements in 1779. He greatly opposed land sales to settlers, but to gain his peoples support he secretly sold land to keep esteem among the white people. When the Seneca were put into the Revolutionary War in support of the British, Red Jacket proved to be a very unenthusiastic warrior. He earned himself the name Red Jacket from wearing the Britishs red coat. During the War of 1812 he fought on the American side against the British. Cornplanter- Cornplanter was a famous Seneca Indian chief and statesman, who during the American Revolution led his warriors against the colonists in many important campaigns. He was half-brother of the Seneca prophet Handsome Lake. Cornplanter eventually accepted the outcome on the war and became a great supporter of the United States. WORKS CITED PAGEHISTORYThe Seneca Indians were an Iroquoian speaking North American Indian tribe. The were traditionally living between the Geneses River and Seneca Lake in what is now New York State. The Seneca were in a league called the Six Nations. The other members were Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and Tuscarora. The date that the tribes formed is unknown although it is believed to be in the early 16th century. According the Iroquois legend the league was founded by Deganawidah, a leader of high status. He had persuaded the original Five Nations to give up intertribal warfare marked by bloody feud and cannibalism. The prophet Hiawatha who was Deganawidahs spokesman traveled among the five tribes in an attempt to unify them. His persistence was successful and when the tribes united it was almost an invulnerable political alliance until its collapse during the American Revolution. Warfare and raids against tribes outside of the league gave opportunities for young Iroquois warriors the earn prestige and honor. .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856 , .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856 .postImageUrl , .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856 , .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856:hover , .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856:visited , .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856:active { border:0!important; } .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856:active , .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856 .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u15ec27a8268307b300a42319b35eb856:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: †The Door in the Wall† by H. G. Wells Sample EssayThe gaining of economic and political advantages were only of a second importance to the tribes. Eventually though dealing with the British, French and the colonists the league let opposing parties fight against one another while they attacked neighboring enemy tribes for economic and territorial gains. Before the collapse of the league in the late 18th century the Iroquois league dominated land as far west as the Mississippi River. The league was modeled after family, clan, and community organizations. They were not only to unite its members through symbolic relations but to maintain peace through individual tr ibe members. HISTORY (cont)The league had a Grand Council. It was made up of 50 members, who were life- appointed males, or peace chiefs. They were nominated by the head woman of each tribe. The Onondaga consisted of 14 members, the Cayuga 10, the Oneida and Mohawk each had 9 and the Seneca with 8. The council members were responsible for keeping peace within the tribes, representing the league to outsiders, and planning tribal activities in warfare against nonmembers. Major decisions were reached the unanimity because of unequal tribe representation. Any member of the Grand Council could be thrown out by impeachment from his tribes headwoman. Many historians say that the democratic organization of the Iroquois League could have been used as a model for the makers of the United States Constitution. Todays members of the Seneca live at the Tonawanda, Allegany, and Cattaraugas reserves in New York, and at the Six Nations Reserve near Brantford, Ontario. THESIS PAGEThe Seneca Indians. Who were they and what did they do? Who were their friends and foes? The history of the Iroquoian tribe is of great importance to the history of our nation. How they participated in our wars and who they had sided for could have determined the outcome and the ways of our country. CONCLUSION PAGEThe Seneca Indians were a great tribe. Through themselves and five other tribes they formed the Six Nations. The Six Nations were an almost indomitable clan. They participated in the Revolutionary War and in the colonial wars. The tried to keep the French from coming down from Canada into the now United States. The Seneca had a great agricultural and hunting economy. The men and women each had specific jobs they were to do in order to keep things running. The Seneca was the tribe that was the most intensely studied by the white people. It is also believed that their democratic ways were an influence on the writers of the United States Constitution. Many of the famous Indians came from the Seneca tribe. Some were Red Jacket, Ely S. Parker and Cornplanter. There were also many others from their league tribes, the Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and later joiners the Tuscarora.

South African Food Security And The Lack Of Transport Systems Essays

South African Food Security And The Lack Of Transport Systems Bus. Policy 402 3/27/00 South African Food Security and the lack of Transport Systems Agriculture is often a major part of any countries' economy. It not only serves as a means of feeding the nations' people, but also may serve as an excellent export to other countries. We are all familiar with Florida Oranges, Idaho Potatoes, and even Wisconsin Cheese. These have become famous for their unique taste or perhaps just marketability, which is an important strategy of foodstuffs next to the transportation systems. For example, because ours in the U.S. are up to date, it allows us to get certain crops, such as rice from Japan in a timely, low cost manner. However, in the SADC (Southern African Development Council) it is not that easy. Throughout this paper we will take a look at why that is from past to present, define agricultural development and offer reasons why an adequate transport system is necessary. African agricultural development history can be broken down into four periods: Pre-colonial, colonial, post-colonial and present day. There is similarities and differences between these periods that may offer some insight to how Africa grew into the situations they now face. Agriculture at this time was classified by subsistence farming and shifting cultivation due to a low land population. All food or most was cultivated for consumption by farmers and others who lived nearby and was directly linked to nutrition. At this time transport systems were virtually unnecessary. Agriculture during the colonial period, 1880 to mid 1960, was drastically altered and turned from being self-sufficient to on the verge of starvation. Colonization imposed the farming of cash crops along with several market and tax policies. This separated agriculture form nutrition, the backbone of African farming. The land needed to be under constant cultivation, rather than seasonal which was another way the Europeans exploited the Africans. Transport systems at this time were designed to have raw materials exported from coastal areas and import manufactured goods. Before the arrival of the 1960's a few countries became independent once again and rushed to become industrialized in order to keep up with the modern world. However, the economy continued to suffer because the agricultural produce sold often did not return its actual value. The ?elites? were similar to the Euro rule and favored imported goods to satisfy appetites as opposed to agriculture, which became viewed as demeaning and backward. Still, the transportation needs had not been met. The roads along with the materials and to build them were completely inadequate and in some cases have done more harm than good. Agriculture is Africa's most important sector. Approximately 35% of GDP, 40% of exports and 75% of employment is accounted for through agriculture. However, data shows us that between 1981 and 1992 per capita agricultural production in SADC countries declined. Population has outgrown production and land use and again delayed the arrival for inadequate transport systems. An appropriate definition for ?inadequate? transport systems could be defined as: attempting to minimize the cost of inputs at the agricultural enterprise and cost of inputs at the delivery by lowering costs of physically moving inputs and outputs to maximize time utility. Road transportation is by far the most important method of transportation. It also plays a large role in not only the economy, but also social development of a region. Presently, not much has changed in the area of regional transport systems. Costs of inputs are higher due to the cost of delivery. This also makes it difficult to move perishable items out in a quick enough manner. Once a useful transport system is formed and put into action the SADC region may be able to establish a foothold and grow back into self-sufficiency. Increasing the availability of food at the household level is the first goal in achieving food security. Once this occurs and transportation methods will have to rise. If a plan can be developed to restore the traditional transport routes of landlocked countries it would be key to the development of transport systems. Usually, the shortest route is the cheapest route and when used the mobility of food will establish food security and a decrease in the cost of exporting goods.

Night Essays

Night Essays Night Essay Night Essay Mrs. Newell English 201 December 4th, 2013 Brutes After reading the book Night by Eliezer Wiesel, One of the most tragic themes in the book is Wiesels discovery of the way that atrocities and cruel treatment can make good people into brutes. Despite the difficult circumstances, Wiesel is able to endure the atrocities and remain true to his character and consistent with his morals. When Wiesel first gets to the camps he discovers the actions taken by some to ensure their own survival sickens and it disgusts him, and at times, he even criticizes his own behavior and thoughts. Wiesel discovers the atrocities to include hangings, eatings, cremations and no one seems to care. After spending weeks at camp he discovers everyone will eventually turn into brutes to ensure survival but instead Wiesel keeps his head up and stays true to his goal which is get him and his dad past these tough times. One of the questions that get asked from this prompt is that if Wiesel himself escaped this fate of turning into a brute and the answer is yes. Wiesel does escape this fate because he needs to take care of weak father. Struggling to survive day to day, not knowing what will happen next, every person is forced to make decisions hat test ones character, and one of the decisions makes Wiesel is to always stay in a good moral character like his father. At the end of the book Araujo 2 Wiesels father dies which then causes him to cry which means he did not turn into an emotionless brute like everyone else. During the Holocaust, survival meant sacrifice. The decisions that the prisoners were forced to make can seem condemnable, but not making these arduous choices almost guaranteed death. Wiesel refused to give in and his strong virtues (like his father taught) miraculously protected him and aided him in his survival. However, ountless people who were unwilling to go against their faith and morals were not as fortunate and lost the fght. Fortunately, Wiesel was able to remain true to himself, and it helped preserve his life as well. At the end of the book Elie reflects on himself and how he changed and how he didnt. He reflects to himself how he never gave up on his dad and that he would always stay true to him no matter what circumstances. Elie did not change because of the horrific events instead he stayed with his father with a good moral conscience and helped each other get liberated from the camps. Night By frearal 23

Business Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Report - Essay Example Faster or afterwards all society regardless of culture, language or nationality arrives at the final stage of political and social development. This implies the entire society will be unified to co-exist with harmony, though prior to this they ought to undergo fierce engagement in terms good and evil, which aligns with premises put forth by Karl Marx and Chinese whom they proved through applying them in their lives. Second met account contends societies emerge in terms of following a linear progression to result to a singular end. Societies irrespective of culture or creed ought to progress from original structures whereby respective groups comprise the basic units towards modernized societies, hence prompting atomized people turning sovereign units. Consequently, all these are assumed to be cogent besides their intentions being to vote with the objective coming up with concrete decisions. Due to their rationality once they vote, end up ensuring sound governance besides harmony in their full existence. Eventually, electoral democracies will be the only political system for all countries and people with a free market to make them all rich. Those who endorse democracy with the mission of spreading it all around the world are as good and evil for those who do not hold elections. The effects of socialism in China as by the met narrative is that there was wide spread poverty in the country even in the period where Li was growing up. China was a struggling poor agricultural economy and businesses were doing fairly badly. The people were so poor and his family lived on food stamps and rationed portions of meat. The effects of electoral democracy often accompanied by capitalism are dismal performance of elected governments and civil strife especially in developing countries. China’s organizational system serves as a model for Human Resource Management and development as it is unbiased and efficient. It has divisions into state owned

Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Report - Research Paper Example though most companies usually fail to offer any incentives to the franchisees they are engaged with owing to the fact that they (franchisees) are residual claimants, there are a bunch that have seen this as a noble action. Incentives to franchisees can come in the form of discounted franchise fee, reduced royalties and buy-back assurance. Also, a contract extension has been seen by many economists as a major incentive that has produced incredible results in many franchise business models (Barkoff and Selden 101). Discounts and reduced royalties are noticeably the most widely used incentives when it comes to franchising. According to Hero (121), different brands have incorporated these types of incentives because of their effectiveness. It has been reported by many economists as the real motivator that boosts the performance of the franchisees. When brands reduce the royalties and allow discounts, their franchising partners become more enthusiastic and initiate programs and strategies that aim at improving the brand’s marketing. Those brands that extend contract (especially if the franchisees benefits) are also involved directly in offering

Construction law cases Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Construction law cases - Case Study Example The contractor could have requested for Request For Information on the matter. A consultant engineer entered into a contract with City of San Marcos. A written consent was required to any modification from the client to contractor. A request was orally done in modification of scope of work which is in contrast to the contractor. The charter of the city allowed oral contracts to contractors possessing requisite authority. The agreement between the client and contractor in this case reveals that the contractor possessed requisite authority. Any modification in the scope of work was binding be in in writing or verbal. The consultant is therefore obliged to carry out the scope of work and claim for payment upon completion. The contractor subcontracted part of the work. The contractor made oral request to the sub contractor who claimed for compensation. Communication in execution of work must always be in writing. If the subcontractor executed work that was orally communicated by the contractor, the contractor is not obliged to any claim. This is because it was a non approved mode of communication according to the tender document. Secondly, the subcontractor cannot claim for any payment from the client because the contract is binding between the client and the general contractor. In this case, the subcontractor claims a breach of contractor by the general contractor for not paying him upon completion of work. The general contractor claimed that he had not received payments from the client for the work executed by the subcontractor. According to the â€Å"Paid if Paid† clause, the subcontractor does not have any link with the client and the contractor has no right to withholds payments to the subcontractor. This is exceptional for a case where the contractor indicated in the contract document that sub contractor will receive payment after payment has been made to the contractor by the client. However, the contractor should not more than what the client owns

Education teaching and learning process education essay

Education teaching and learning process education essay Different literatures were studied to define and to justify the importance of the different keywords as they relate to the study as well as to have a good background on the body of knowledge. This surely will be beneficial to the understanding of the essence of ICT tools in Education as they are simply referred as Educational Technology Tools. Technology is becoming an increasingly influential factor in education. The use of computers and mobile phones as complements to educational practices are very up-to-date development in the area as we are talking about online education. The explosion of computer use in different economic areas brought about the ICT dimension in almost everything we do these days. The demand of new skills and understanding of students and Educators are imposing itself as a reality, also the environment in which teaching and learning is taking place is under constant change as well as the instruction of the students. It is important to note that, in order to set the context, generally speaking, there is no one accepted definition of what constitutes technology. Technology is the word associated with anything that aims to facilitate the human life through change. Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 Real World of Technology lectures: defines technology as a practice, the way we do things around here. The Merriam-Webster dictionary offers a definition of the term as: the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area and a capability given by the practical application of knowledge. 2.2 Education, Teaching and Learning Process Education from the Websters 1828 Dictionary read as follows: The bringing up, as of a child, instruction; formation of manners. Education comprehends all that series of instruction and discipline which is intended to enlighten the understanding, correct the temper, and form the manners and habits of youth, and fit them for usefulness in their future stations. To give children a good education in manners, arts and science, is important; to give them a religious education is indispensable; and an immense responsibility rests on parents and guardians who neglect these duties. Education is a concept in which Instruction, Teaching and Learning are major pillars: Instruction refers to the facilitating of learning toward identified objectives, delivered either by an instructor or other forms. Teaching refers to the actions of a real live instructor designed to impart learning to the student. Learning refers to learning with a view toward preparing learners with specific knowledge, skills, or abilities that can be applied immediately upon completion. For, education is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another. However there has always been a discussion on the matter of assuring continuity of passing on knowledge and a matter of fostering creativity, which propels the learners to the world of unknowns and forces the coming out of it with innovation and ingenuity. Both of these functions relate equally to knowledge and attitudes, to understanding and behaviour. They are the essence of the teaching/learning process. We want creativity, but we want it to emerge from what is known and understood. We want continuity and that too from what is known and understood. Learning environments in schools typically involve one or more adult teachers connected with a number of students, usually in well defined physical settings. Physically it may be in a room, full of particular furniture and equipment. The place of computers in learning for the majority of children is most likely to occur in the classroom and, for an increasing number, at home. However, most experts in the field of educational computing would characterise computers as interactive and thus admit them a place within the relationship structures of the classroom learning environment, not just the physical environment. The curriculum is concerned with What is learned and taught: includes objectives, content, and learning outcomes (the knowledge, skills and attitudes that students are intended to demonstrate). How this learning and teaching occurs: concerns teaching/learning methodology, teaching strategies and media resources. Most teaching/learning methods and strategies involve the use of some equipment. Some teaching methods may only include the use of a blackboard and chalk while others may make use of a television or overhead projector. This equipment and its use within the curriculum are often referred to as educational technology. 2.3 Educational Technology and ICT Educational technology concerns the technology that is used to facilitate the teaching/learning process. As such it is included in the how part of the curriculum. We could consider educational technology as the tools of the teaching trade, part of the medium used to convey the curriculum. Thus the technology used is determined by the intended curriculum. Also part of the context of the curriculum concerns the role of the teacher, the physical setting and the general pedagogical views of the teacher and education system. These are likely to affect the technology used and may involve the use of computers. Technology can be seen to be affecting the curriculum both in terms of content and methodology, there are a number of instances where the curriculum has been changed due to changes in technology, invention of new technology has added content to the curriculum (e.g. technology based on electricity) or new technology has made parts of the content obsolete (e.g. using calculators instead of logarithms for calculation). Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a diverse set of tools and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information. These technologies include computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies (radio and television), and telephony. Nowadays there is an increasing interest in how computers and the Internet can improve education at all levels. Older ICT technologies, such as radio and television, have for over forty years been used for open and distance learning. There is a variety of terminology that describes the ways computers are integrated into the learning process and in the classroom: technology-mediated learning, computer-aided instruction, distance education, distance learning, educational technology, home learning technologies, computer-based education, instructional technology, multimedia, communications systems, Web-based learning, educational multimedia applications, and computer-mediated communication etc are just a sample of those. This variability in terminology is not a matter of disagreement among researchers, but simply implies that technology is a word that is used to describe different things to different people. Technology is a term that is used by many to describe, study, and evaluate the various ways computers are integrated into education, both inside and outside the classrooms. 2.4 Integrating Technology in Teaching Moreover, there is no consensus about what constitutes technology in learning or teaching. However, the common link tends to be some use of the personal computer to aid teaching or learning in some form or fashion. These technologies run the continuum of integration in education from entire courses put on the Web to technology integrated into a specific lesson. Though most research studies focus on computer-based technology, there are other teaching and learning technologies that are not computer-based. These can include overhead projectors, document cameras, laser pointers, robotics, television, VCR, DVD, demonstration equipment, sound systems, CDs, tape recordings, simulation machines, and models. Some researchers even consider the traditional piece of chalk and chalkboard a type of technology. Many educators have argued that the appropriate use of ICT by students can assist teachers in determining and catering for the prior knowledge of students. Further, it is usually also argued that ICT can assist students in engaging cognitively to a greater depth with knowledge domains. That is students are supported in employing the full range of thinking skills within authentic contexts. This is often discussed in terms of cognitive taxonomies such as that provided by Bloom (1964). Knowledge The learner must recall information (i.e. bring to mind the appropriate material). Comprehension The learner understands what is being communicated by making use of the communication. Application The learner uses abstractions (e.g. ideas) in particular and concrete situations. Analysis The learner can break down a communication into its constituent elements or parts. Synthesis The learner puts together elements or parts to form a whole. Evaluation The learner makes judgments about the value of material or methods for a given purpose. Generally speaking, there is an assumption that technology fosters learning merely by its use in the educational process. Ehrmann (1999) sums up this assumption very nicely: Technologies such as computers (or pencils) dont have predetermined impacts; its their uses that influence outcomes. This statement seems obvious, but many institutions act as though the mere presence of technology will improve learning. They use computers to teach the same things in the same ways as before, yet they expect learning outcomes to be better. (p. 32) In his essay, Clark (1983) said succinctly: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦media are mere vehicles that deliver instruction but do not influence student achievement any more than the truck that delivers our groceries causes changes in our nutrition (p. 445). if learning occurs as a result of exposure to any media, the learning is caused by the instructional method embedded in the media presentation. (p. 26) Further, he posited that different types of media could be substituted for each other, because media are not responsible for any learning that might take place. Media are not the causal agents in the learning process; rather, instructional method is the active ingredient or catalyst that causes learning to take place. In contrast to Clarks argument, Kozma (1994) believed that the more appropriate question was not whether media do influence learning, but will they influence learning. He also contended that simply because we have not established a relationship between media and learning does not mean that one does not exist. He believed that, since we do not fully understand the relationship between media and learning, we have yet to measure it, and the failure to establish this relationship is caused in part by our theories of learning, or more specifically, behaviourism, with its basic assumption that a stimulus causes a response. Therefore, if the stimulus is not present, there is n o possibility for response. Kozma (1994) explained that in Clarks view media are simply mere vehicles or conduits for an instructional method (stimulus) that elicit a response (learning). Kozma argues that learning is a much more complex process than just a series of stimulus-response connections. Learning, in his view, is defined as an active, constructive, cognitive and social process by which the learner strategically manages available cognitive, physical and social resources to create new knowledge by interacting with information in the environment and integrating it with information already stored in memory (p.8). Thus, in Kozmas view, since the definition learning has evolved to embody more of a constructive process, our measurement of this process must evolve as well. Still others have argued for a complete reframing of the debate over technology and its effect on learning. Jonassen, Campbell, and Davidson (1994) believed that the Clark/Kozma debates focused too much on instruction and media and not enough on the attributes of the learner who ultimately constructs the knowledge. With all the various opinions on the relationship between technology and learning, it begs the question: who is right? It appears that each theorist brings an important perspective to the table. Clark is correct that technology has not necessarily revolutionized the process of learning. Technology has not helped humans develop a new way to learn. Learning is still something that is performed by the individual. However, in Clarks view, all an instructor would need to do is embed the appropriate instructional method into his/her lesson and learning should take place. We know, however, despite many instructors best efforts and superior teaching abilities, learning does not always take place. Kozma is also correct that we must examine technology and learning beyond a behaviourist context. Learning is an intentional act (Jonnasen, 1994) and the human being doing the learning should not be discounted. Researchers have established that there is no significant difference between learning with technology in distance education courses and learning in a traditional classroom, but they do not discuss how human motivation is influenced by technology. This could be a very important missing element in the debate. Which side you take in this debate depends largely upon how you define learning. If you subscribe to more behaviourist views of learning, Clark will make more sense to you. If you conceive of learning as a more cognitive or constructivist process, you would be more likely to agree with Kozma or Jonnasen. From a pedagogical approach, Information-processing theories emerged from a branch of cognitive psychology that focused on the memory and storage processes that enable learning. Theorist in this area explores how a person receives information and stores it in memory. The structure of memory that allows the learning of something new, relate to and is built on something learned previously and also how a learner retrieves information from short-term and long-term memory and applies it to new situations. The well-known information-processing theorist, David Ausubel, proposed that the way a learner receives and stores information affects the usefulness of the information, for example, by transferring current learning to learning other skills. On the other hand, the model of the behaviourist B.F. Skinner, infers that part of the Educators job is to modify the behaviour of students through positive reinforcement, thus under laying behaviour modification techniques in classroom management and programmed instruction. To this we may say that, the stimulus-response interaction between student and technology can be introduced through computers so as to aid instruction, by providing drills and practices on previously learned skills, from practice and tutorial software. The cognitive constructivist, Jean Piagets theory has two major parts: one component that predicts what children can and cannot understand at different ages, and a theory of development that describes how children develop cognitive abilities. The key implications to these are: First, learning is an active process where direct experience, making errors, and looking for solutions is vital for the assimilation and accommodation of information. The presentation of information is important, when it is introduced as an aid to problem solving. It functions as a tool rather than an isolated arbitrary fact. Second, learning should be whole, authentic, and real. Thus, in a Piagetian classroom there is less emphasis on directly teaching specific skills and more emphasis is laid on learning in a meaningful context. Technology, particularly multimedia, offers a vast array of such opportunities, with the support of educational software on videodisks and CD-ROMs, Educators can provide a learning en vironment that helps to expand the conceptual and experiential background of the audience. The social constructivist, L. S. Vygotskys theory has much more room for an active and involved Educator. He claimed that the central point of his psychological approach is mediation. Through mediation human cognitive growth and learning as peers and other members of his community engages in relationships with the material and social environment. Thus the use of technology can be used to connect students to each other via email, forum, newsgroups etc. Now, from here, which approach to choose? Which is best suited to enhance learning? What hardware or software to use? There is no right or wrong answers to these questions, acquiring hardware and software packages will partly resolve the problem. It is up to the Educator, who knows the lesson objectives, the expected results and the students, to choose which approach to use and what technology should accompany the approach. However the determination of the technologys worthiness for a given lesson could be answered by the following questions: Is the lesson content worthwhile? (Are there clear objectives, connected to standards or significant questions, etc?) Do the lesson activities engage students? How does technology enhance the lesson in ways that would not be possible without it? Educators should then look for the best means to facilitate a diversity of learning styles, and need to be competent observers of the social milieu in which learners interact as well as knowledgeable about the content to which they wish to expose learners. Hence, educators development is absolutely essential if technology provided to schools is to be used effectively. Simply by placing computers in schools, providing internet facilities, spending on IT hardware and software, without financing the educator professional development as well, is wasteful. Educators training of the use and application of technology is the key determining factor to improve student performance for both knowledge acquisition and skills development enabled by technology. Information technology professionals have an axiom that an unsupported technology is an unused technology. In an article for The Chronicle of Higher Education titled When Good Technology Means Bad Teaching, Jeffrey Young made the case that a poorly supported technology is actually worse than no technology at all. He argued that giving teachers technology without training has often done more harm than good to teaching and learning. This is undoubtedly true. At the teacher level without proper training and support the educators are faced with: the fear of embarrassment in front of pupils and colleagues, loss of status and an effective degrading of professional skills (Russell Bradley 1997) classroom management difficulties when using ICT, especially where pupil-to-computer ratios are poor (Drenoyianni Selwood 1998; Cox et al. 1999) lack of the knowledge necessary to enable teachers to resolve technical problems when they occur (VanFossen 1999) Educational technology is not, and never will be, transformative on its own; it requires educators who can integrate technology into the curriculum and use it to improve student learning. In other words, computers can not replace educators, as they are the key to whether technology is being used appropriately and effectively. They need to understand a subject enough to convey its essence to students. While traditionally this has involved lecturing on the part, new instructional strategies put the educator more into the role of course designer, discussion facilitator, and coach and the student more into the role of active learner, discovering the subject of the course. Even if students could learn independently with little or no involvement from their teachers on how to use technology to enhance their learning and skills development, they are highly unlikely to have those opportunities if educators do not let them have access to the technology. The term computer-assisted learning (CAL) has been increasingly used to describe the use of technology in teaching. Educators also need professional development in the pedagogical application of those skills to improve teaching and learning. They should be empowered to develop their knowledge and skills actively and experientially, in a variety of learning environments, both individual and collaborative. This, include a variety of learning strategies, encompassing direct instruction, deduction, discussion, drill and practice, deduction, induction, and sharing. Thus emphasis in the courses should be on the ways technology can facilitate and enhance his profession lives. Educators preparation programs are essential and as described by Kook (1997) it is the crucial issue to be addressed (p.58). The teacher of the future will depend on the computer for both personal productivity and for instructional activities. Kook lists thirty-three primary computer skills for teachers, ranging from navigating the Windows desktop environment, to using IRC chat, to installing software. Kook suggests that these skills should be part of the required courses for prospective teachers and insists that in the next century teacher education will be forced to accommodate a considerable amount of transformation to allow teachers to function effectively in the Information Age (p.59). Computer technology cannot be effective in the classroom without teachers who are knowledgeable about both the technology itself and about how to use it to meet educational goals. The most common barrier to adequate training is the expense involved. Without training, however, other technology spending has a marginal effect (Boyd, 1997). Learning to operate computer hardware, growing comfortable with many different software applications, developing management systems for student computer use, and redesigning lesson plans to make use of technology, takes a great deal of time. When combined with frustrating hardware glitches and software bugs, the task can become daunting for even the most determined. Often, what stops people is one little thing that they didnt know how to do. If you have a room full of kids when something goes wrong, it discourages you from trying it again (Zehr, 1997, p.3). Leading to the question why school teachers dont use, and sometimes resist, the use of computers? Hannafin and Savenye (1993) list some research-based possible explanations for teacher resistance to using computers. These reasons include: poorly designed software, doubt that computers improve learning outcomes, resentment of the computer as a competitor for students attention, unsupportive administrators, increased time and effort required of the teacher, fear of losing control of center stage, and fear of looking stupid. in front of the class. Viewing the teachers role as a continuum, Hannafin and Savenye (1993) also put the role of traditional lecturer and imparter of knowledge at one end and the role of coach, observer, and facilitator at the other end. They then generalize that the traditional end of the continuum embraces an objectivist learning theory while the other end is likely to embrace constructivism. The teachers view of learning, then, could be another source of resistance to classroom technology. A teacher may be open to technology but resist the accompanying change in learning theory. This would suggest that in addition to providing training in technology, schools and districts need to provide information, training, encouragement, and support to teachers in moving toward a more constructivist view of education. The management should champion the change, policies has to be adopted as from the management level down to the students, everybody contributing and accompanying the reform for it to be successful and to be able to take out the maximum benefit. This issue is addressed with difficulty, because Principals, on average, are 50 years old. Weve got a generation of people who are actually barriers to the infusion of technology in school systems and are afraid of it themselves (Quoted in Trotter, 1997, p.1). It has become clear over the past decade that simple motivational and short-workshop schemes are vastly insufficient to enable veteran (and even new, computer-generation) teachers to teach differently, and to teach well with technologies (Hawkins and Honey, 1993). The evidence suggested that teachers who use technology in their classrooms are more effective if they have received training, if they have district-level support and if they have a network of other computer-using teachers to share experiences with. Swan and Mitrani state that computers can change the nature of teaching and learning at its most basic level (1993). We need to ensure that we are using our current knowledge about the application of technology in education as a basis for proceeding in the future. The management has also its part in the integration of the the educational technology in the school. Policies and support programs must be initiated from the top management and they must be part of and accompany the change. The most important barrier to this integration is the financial barriers. They include the cost of hardware, software, maintenance (particular of the most advanced equipment), and extend to some staff development. Froke (1994b) said, concerning the money, the challenge was unique because of the nature of the technology. The initial investment in hardware is high but the costs of technology have to part of the cost of instruction. The integration reveals the institutional support through leadership, planning and the involvement of teachers as well as managers in implementing change.

The Wonderful Bedroom Essays -- Descriptive Essay Examples, Observation

The Wonderful Bedroom Have you ever wondered how something so simple as your bedroom could have so much meaning? How a place where one usually just sleeps and doesn't return until the next night, could be so special to someone? It does make one think, once stopped and thought about. To some, it means as much as a gym does to a basketball player or as much as a tree does to a monkey. But then there are also those who still think of their bedroom as just a place to sleep and prepare themselves. I guess things have different meanings for each person, but for many including myself, their bedroom ranks near the top of the list. A bedroom is meaningful because often it is where one grows up, where lots of time is spent, and where one can bring out there inner-most self. A bedroom is not something that changes from day to day, but rather something that is pretty permanent. Many people grow up in the same room that they spend the first part of their life in. It is something that people grow attached to and become accustomed to, like a college student becomes accustomed to studying. For this factor, change is not so much a good thing but rather a thing of frustration. It is nice to have a place to call home, and better yet, a place to call one's own bedroom. Once one is settled, it is usually of best nature to stay settled. Through this settlement, it is easiest to see how much of importance one's bedroom may mean to them. My bedroom has meant a lot to me due to the fact that I have been in the same place for the majority of my years. Another important reason on this subject is that there is usually a lot of time spent in one's own room Besides the ten hours of sleep everyone gets a night in their room, there is often a gr... ...all sorts of things to do and eventually time slips away along with the boredom. A bedroom is full of wonderful surprises and often has much more meaning than one may imagine. In just a simple little corner of a house, it can tell you so much about a person. Is the person a pack rat, organized, and clean, or are they simple-minded, just waiting to open their eyes and explore? Perhaps there are things that go far and beyond the word "special". A room can tell ones whole life story, but yet again maybe it is just thought of as a place to catch some Z's. No matter what the case, this simple little place they call one's bedroom can and usually does have much meaning. So, next time you're lying in bed trying to fall asleep, ask yourself, does my room really have much meaning to me, and if so, how much, or am I just thankful for this comfortable bed to sleep on? Â   The Wonderful Bedroom Essays -- Descriptive Essay Examples, Observation The Wonderful Bedroom Have you ever wondered how something so simple as your bedroom could have so much meaning? How a place where one usually just sleeps and doesn't return until the next night, could be so special to someone? It does make one think, once stopped and thought about. To some, it means as much as a gym does to a basketball player or as much as a tree does to a monkey. But then there are also those who still think of their bedroom as just a place to sleep and prepare themselves. I guess things have different meanings for each person, but for many including myself, their bedroom ranks near the top of the list. A bedroom is meaningful because often it is where one grows up, where lots of time is spent, and where one can bring out there inner-most self. A bedroom is not something that changes from day to day, but rather something that is pretty permanent. Many people grow up in the same room that they spend the first part of their life in. It is something that people grow attached to and become accustomed to, like a college student becomes accustomed to studying. For this factor, change is not so much a good thing but rather a thing of frustration. It is nice to have a place to call home, and better yet, a place to call one's own bedroom. Once one is settled, it is usually of best nature to stay settled. Through this settlement, it is easiest to see how much of importance one's bedroom may mean to them. My bedroom has meant a lot to me due to the fact that I have been in the same place for the majority of my years. Another important reason on this subject is that there is usually a lot of time spent in one's own room Besides the ten hours of sleep everyone gets a night in their room, there is often a gr... ...all sorts of things to do and eventually time slips away along with the boredom. A bedroom is full of wonderful surprises and often has much more meaning than one may imagine. In just a simple little corner of a house, it can tell you so much about a person. Is the person a pack rat, organized, and clean, or are they simple-minded, just waiting to open their eyes and explore? Perhaps there are things that go far and beyond the word "special". A room can tell ones whole life story, but yet again maybe it is just thought of as a place to catch some Z's. No matter what the case, this simple little place they call one's bedroom can and usually does have much meaning. So, next time you're lying in bed trying to fall asleep, ask yourself, does my room really have much meaning to me, and if so, how much, or am I just thankful for this comfortable bed to sleep on? Â